Two trees, treated with sterile distilled water inoculations, functioned as the negative control in the experiment. The inoculated trees, 17 days post-inoculation, presented with symptoms of bark gumming, bark depressions, and bark cracking. These signs closely resembled those initially associated with P. carotovorum in the field, whereas the negative control trees remained healthy. Successfully re-isolated from symptomatic jackfruit trees, the strains displayed complete agreement with original strains' biological and molecular signatures. This solidified Pectobacterium carotovorum as the causative agent of jackfruit bark split disease. We believe this is the first time P. carotovorum has been identified as the causative agent of bark split disease in jackfruit trees in China.
We are searching for new genetic locations that determine yield and resistance to stripe rust, a disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Wheat breeding programs utilizing genes (tritici) can enhance wheat's ability to meet future demands under a range of agricultural and environmental conditions. We analyzed 180 wheat accessions, sourced from 16 Asian or European countries between 30°N and 45°N latitude, using a genome-wide association study with 24767 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Multi-environment field assessments detected seven accessions with advantageous yield traits, in addition to 42 accessions displaying consistent and high levels of resistance to stripe rust. Yield-related trait analysis using marker-trait associations identified 18 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in at least two test environments, along with two QTLs associated with stripe rust resistance observed in at least three testing environments. Five QTLs, identified as possibly novel, were located by matching their physical positions to known QTLs in the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium's Chinese Spring (CS) reference genome (RefSeq v11). Two are linked to spike length, one to spike grain count, one to spike number, and the last to adult-plant resistance to stripe rust. In addition, we pinpointed 14 candidate genes associated with the five novel quantitative trait loci. Wheat breeders can leverage these QTLs and candidate genes to create improved wheat varieties, deploying marker-assisted selection to achieve higher yields and resistance to stripe rust.
The papaya production in Mexico, reaching an estimated 1,134,753 metric tons annually, secures it the fifth spot globally, as per FAOSTAT 2022 figures. In the Sinaloa State (Mexico) central zone, during February 2022, within a seedling greenhouse, a 20% incidence of root and stem rot, along with necrotic tissue, was observed in papaya seedlings. From a total of ten papaya plants, symptomatic tissues were excised, sectioned into smaller pieces, and then surface-sanitized using 70% alcohol for 20 seconds, followed by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes. After drying, these fragments were inoculated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and cultivated in darkness at 26°C for 5 days. Fusarium species, characteristically. Colonies were isolated from all root samples, confirming the hypothesis. Ten pure cultures, painstakingly isolated via single-spore culturing, were morphologically evaluated on PDA and carnation leaf agar (CLA) media. Colonies grown on PDA media manifested a substantial amount of white aerial mycelium, with the older culture centers displaying yellow pigmentation (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). Slightly curved macroconidia, showing zero to three septa, were observed in 10-day-old cultures on CLA medium. Apices were somewhat sharp, and basal cells displayed notches. Measurements from 50 specimens ranged from 2253 to 4894 micrometers by 69 to 1373 micrometers. A multitude of microconidia, linked in chains, were observed. A chain structure of microconidia, with thin walls, oval shape, and hyaline appearance, was observed; the dimensions of these microconidia ranged from 104 to 1425 µm by 24 to 68 µm (n = 50). There were no chlamydospores, according to our findings. Isolate FVTPPYCULSIN's translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) gene (O'Donnell et al., 1998) was subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification and subsequent sequencing. Please return OM966892), the requested item. Employing a maximum likelihood approach, the EF1-alpha sequence (OM966892) and various other Fusarium species were analyzed. Fusarium verticillioides was the conclusive identification of the isolate, according to phylogenetic analysis, which yielded a 100% bootstrap support. The isolate FVTPPYCULSIN, moreover, shared a 100% identical sequence with other documented Fusarium verticillioides sequences (GenBank accession numbers). Dharanendra, et al. (2019) document MN657268. Sixty-day-old Maradol papaya plants, grown in autoclaved sandy loam soil, were subjected to pathogenicity testing. Twenty milliliters of a conidial suspension (1 x 10⁵ CFU/ml) per plant was used for inoculating ten plants per isolate (n=10) using a drenching method. Applied computing in medical science To obtain the spore suspension, spores from each isolate cultivated on PDA media were collected using 10 ml of isotonic saline solution. To represent the control condition, ten non-inoculated plants were maintained. Sixty days of greenhouse cultivation, with temperatures ranging from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius, were provided to the plants. The assay's execution involved two runs. ethylene biosynthesis Root and stem rot, a symptom observed in the greenhouse's affected plants, was also found in the papaya plants. The non-inoculated control plants showed no symptoms after sixty days of observation. Repeatedly isolated from the necrotic tissue of all the inoculated plants, the pathogen was confirmed to be Fusarium verticillioides, determined through partial EF1- gene sequencing, morphological examination, genetic analysis, and fulfilling the criteria of Koch's postulates. The Fusarium ID and Fusarium MLST databases, queried via BLAST, confirmed the molecular identification. The isolate FVTPPYCULSIN was formally placed in the fungal collection of the Faculty of Agronomy at the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. As far as we are aware, this represents the inaugural account of papaya root and stem rot, its etiology linked to F. verticillioides. Papaya plays a significant role in Mexican agriculture, and farmers need to account for this disease's impact on papaya production.
In Guangxi province, China, during July 2022, round, elliptical, or irregular-shaped blemishes were noticeable on tobacco leaves. Spots featured a pale yellow center and a border of brown or dark brown, scattered with several small, black fruiting bodies. The pathogen was isolated using the technique of tissue isolation. Sterilization of the gathered diseased leaves involved fragmentation and immersion in 75% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaCIO) for 60 seconds, and concluding with three rinses of sterile deionized water. Following air-drying, each tissue segment was grown on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, maintained in the dark at 28°C, for a period of 5 to 7 days, as detailed in Wang et al. (2022). A collection of six isolates displayed a range of colony characteristics, notably in shape, edge structure, pigmentation, and aerial mycelium configurations. Colony shapes were either round or subrounded, and their edges demonstrated various features, including rounded, crenate, dentate, and sinuate forms. In the beginning, the colony displayed a light yellow color, which subtly shifted through yellow to a deep, dark yellow shade. find more Following 3 to 4 days of growth, white aerial mycelia progressively extended, taking on a peony-like form or completely covering the colony, thus giving a white appearance that transitioned to orange, gray, or nearly black. In line with previous publications (Mayonjo and Kapooria 2003, Feng et al. 2021, Xiao et al. 2018), conidia production was infrequent across all six isolates. The conidia's hyaline, aseptate, and falcate morphology manifested in a size of 78 to 129 µm by 22 to 35 µm. The six isolates were molecularly identified using colony PCR, amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS), and beta-tubulin (TUB2) gene targets with the corresponding primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, CHS-79F/CHS-354R, and T1/Bt2b, respectively, according to Cheng et al. (2014). Partial sequences, amplified and sequenced, were subsequently uploaded to GenBank (GenBank accession Nos.). To execute ITS properly, procedures OP484886 to OP756067 are necessary. ACT demands OP620430 through OP620435. OP620436 to OP620441 are required for CHS. TUB2 necessitates OP603924 through OP603929. These sequences exhibited a remarkable similarity, ranging from 99 to 100%, with the C. truncatum isolates C-118(ITS), TM19(ACT), OCC69(CHS), and CBS 120709(TUB2) recorded in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree, derived using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method with MEGA (70) software from BLAST-based homology matching of ITS, ACT, CHS, and TUB2 sequences, indicated that all six isolates clustered with the same phylogenetic profile as C. truncatum. To assess pathogenicity, healthy tobacco leaves were inoculated with mycelial plugs (approximately 5 mm in diameter) from six C. truncatum isolates cultured for five days. Sterile PDA plugs were utilized as a control on other leaves. The greenhouse environment, characterized by a relative humidity of 90% and a temperature of 25 to 30 degrees Celsius, was chosen to house all plants. The experiment spanned three complete rounds of testing. After five days, the inoculated leaves displayed the presence of diseased spots, in contrast to the negative controls, which exhibited no symptoms whatsoever. Using morphological and molecular characteristics as described previously, the inoculated leaves' pathogen was confirmed to be C. truncatum, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Our study uniquely identifies C. truncatum as the cause of anthracnose affecting tobacco plants for the first time. Therefore, this investigation provides a springboard for controlling tobacco anthracnose in the years ahead.